Loose smut of barley

and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates, the mycelium [...] mycelium of the fungus grows upwards inside the plant into the growing tip and the seed primordia. It only becomes visible after head emergence. The teliospores [...] They germinate within a day and infect the inner tissues of the newly infected seed. During maturation of the seed, the mycelium becomes thick-walled and swollen

Loose smut of wheat

survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates, the mycelium of the fungus grows upwards inside the plant into the growing tip and the seed primordia. It [...] Loose smut of wheat The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives [...] invisible until head emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown

Pine processionary moth

enlarge until the fourth instar when the definitive winter nest is built. In general, this is situated at the branch tips in the upper part of the crown. At [...] shoots. The larvae develop through five instars and the full-grown caterpillar is about 40 mm in length. The head capsule is black. The body of the first-instar [...] arranged in pairs. The integument and hairs that clothe the body vary considerably with different provenances. In general, the integument is darker in colder

Limonica Ulti-Mite

Presentation Sachets in cardboard box. Carrier Millet husks, bran and sawdust. Application Hang sachets in sheltered locations in the crop, not exposed to [...] already have an exit hole Hold sachets by the cardboard strip at the top, to avoid damaging the predatory mites Dosage The dosage of Limonica Ulti-Mite depends [...] always be adjusted to the particular situation. Start introduction preventively or as soon as the first pest mites are detected in the crop. Use at least

Goat moth

spines on the abdominal segment. The moths fly at night in June or July and lay eggs on tree trunks in batches of up to 50. After the eggs hatch, the larvae [...] larvae bore into the bark and down to the sap wood. Development takes 3 or 4 years. The larvae feed on the wood most of the time hibernating in their galleries [...] trees. It is widespread in Europe. Damage symptoms Feeding galleries are very extensive and the larvae burrow in all directions in both sap and hart wood

Vine mealybug

pupa and adult. The eggs are golden-yellow in color and are deposited in an cottony egg sac (ovisac) containing from 300-500 eggs. The nymphs are very [...] very similar to the adult female, even if they are smaller. The prepupa and pupa stages are present only in the male. After a complete metamorphosis, a winged [...] emerges from the pupa. The male is smaller (1 mm), dark orange in color with long tail filaments and transparent wings and has no mouthparts. The female is

Southern European marshland pyralid

caterpillars often stay in the lower strata of the crop, sometimes attacking the stem of the plant as well as the leaves. Late instar larvae burrow into soft [...] overlapping in a tile-like fashion on both the upper and lower surface of leaves close to the veins, or low on the stem or stalk close to the ground. The pinkish [...] s are found in webs, preferably in damp, humid places and are thus mainly found low in the crop, often in decaying organic material on the ground or substrate

Impatiens thrips

americanus is often found low in the crop. In sweet pepper the damage can be seen as discolouration of older leaves at the bottom of the plant. [...] egg to adult on the plant, specifically on the leaves. Eggs are deposited in the leaf tissue, while subsequent stages are found on the upper- and undersides [...] undersides of the leaf. Pupation occurs on the leaf rather than on the ground. The prepupae and pupae remain immobile on the leaf tissue. Adults are found

Oak processionary moth

at night in a characteristic procession to feed in the canopy of the trees. If the leaves on a tree become scarce, the larvae move away from the tree co [...] branches, on the trunks or at the base of the trunks, which may contain thousands of individuals. The larvae usually stay in their nests during the day leaving [...] countries and also in parts of the Middle East. Damage symptoms The nests of caterpillars on infested trees are clearly visible. The larvae of the oak processionary

Citrus mealybug

poses a problem in greenhouse horticulture, and in the tropics and sub-tropics on outdoor crops. The insect causes damage especially in fruit trees and [...] photosynthesis in the leaves also reduces flower and fruit production. In ornamental crops, the mere presence of mealybugs is sufficient to render the product [...] harmful viruses. Mealybugs inflict damage on the crop in various ways: Nymphs and females extract the sap from the plant, stunting growth and causing deformation