Bacterial spot

development is favoured by temperatures between 24 and 30 °C and high precipitation due to rain, fog or overhead irrigation. Infection is through stomata [...] stomata and wounds. The dispersal is in windblown water drops, mechanical means such as clipping and handling and aerosols. Many isolates are resistant to [...] General Xanthomonas vesicatoria is a bacterium that causes bacterial leaf spot on peppers and tomatoes. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas vesicatoria in tomato

Brown soft scale

General The brown soft scale Coccus hesperidum is very common in tropical and sub-tropical regions and is also a common pest in greenhouses throughout the world [...] This is usually the first visible symptom. Because of this, C. hesperidum is often attended by ants. The ants will clean and protect the coccids and in turn [...] from a rich food source. The honeydew also quickly becomes infected by sooty moulds which can cover the leaves, flowers and fruit of the host and reduce

Early blight

three days later and sporulation within five days. Infection is both direct and through wounds and stomata. Spores are dispersed by wind and in some species [...] stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary infection of the [...] ). Prevent damage during harvest (in potato and carrot). Post-harvest storage at 0-1 o C. A. brassicae and A. brassicicola : adjust the sowing date to avoid

Common cockchafer

instars, a pupal instar and the adult beetle. The adult beetle is 25 to 30 mm long, with a dark head, black pronotum covered with short hairs, and reddish [...] feeds on roots of grasses and clover. The adults feed on the leaves of trees, mainly on oak, maple, beech and plum. Life cycle and appearance of Common cockchafer [...] to 35 mm by the following autumn, and 40 to 46 mm in the spring of their third year. The pupa is 25 to 35 mm long and whitish brown.

Horse-chestnut leaf miner

defoliated, year after year. Life cycle and appearance of Horse-chestnut leaf miner The adult moth is 4-5 mm long and a rich brown colour with bright white [...] lly five instars) and their size varies form 0.5 mm in the firsts instar up to 3.5 mm in the fourth instar. The pupa is brown and is 2.9-4.5 mm long. The [...] feeding between the upper and lower parenchyma. The mine starts to turn yellow and later brown. By this time, the damage is very visible. Eventually the

Box tree moth

white with a dark brown band at the outer margin and a characteristic white spot on the forewing, while the other is mostly light brown with a white spot [...] 20 eggs in a translucent gelatinous mass on the leaves of box trees. The light green larvae have black stripes with white dots and hairs and a black head [...] pupation and then turn light brown with a dark pattern towards the end of pupation. There are two variants of adults. The most common one is mostly iridescent

Loose smut of barley

affects barley and can destroy a large proportion of the crop. It is also known as barley smut, or loose smut of barley. Life cycle and appearance of Loose [...] within a day and infect the inner tissues of the newly infected seed. During maturation of the seed, the mycelium becomes thick-walled and swollen as a dormant [...] emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut spores. Solution

Strawberry aphid

fragaefolii , has a cosmopolitan distribution and is the most important aphid pest of strawberries. It can cause direct damage by feeding and transmits viruses [...] Damage symptoms Chaetosiphon fragaefolii is one of the most serious pests affecting strawberry plants. Direct damage is caused by the aphids sucking sap from [...] from the plant, which reduces the yield and quality of fruit. The leaves do not become distorted but leaves and fruits quickly become sticky due to the honeydew

Geranium aphid

Life cycle and appearance of Acyrthosiphon malvae rogersii Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety [...] General Acyrthosiphon malvae rogersii is a pest of strawberry that is widely distributed in northern and western Europe. Damage symptoms Wingless aphids [...] the crop. Acyrthosiphon malvae rogersii is holocyclic (i.e. they mate in autumn and produce eggs to overwinter) and monoecious (i.e. they do not change their

Shallot aphid

Petioles are shortened and leaves curled and twisted. Blossom trusses are also affected, fruits remain small and yield is reduced. On bulbs and shallot, the aphids [...] plants. Life cycle and appearance of The shallot aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in [...] ing and there is no sexual stage in the life cycle. No eggs are produced. Myzus ascalonicus is cold hardy and overwinters in sheltered places and greenhouses