Circular scale

under the scale and the crawlers walk about to find a suitable feeding site before settling to a sessile lifestyle. The second-instar nymphs are the main [...] is lifted, the insect beneath is yellow and up to 1.7 mm long. The adult male is 0.7 mm long and has a single pair of wings. First-instar nymphs are 0 [...] Chrysomphalus aonidum Circular scale General The circular scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum is a tropical species, native to the Oriental region but it has been dispersed

Glasshouse potato aphid

deformations in the growing tip of the plant. Precisely where the plant is pierced is unimportant. The piercing of the lower leaves in the crop can cause [...] with a brown head, a dark thorax and a dark abdomen that has pale to dark transverse bands. The body shape is similar to wingless females, but is 2.0-3 [...] When the glasshouse potato aphid (Aulacorthum solani) pierces the leaves or the fruit of sweet pepper it secretes a toxic substance, which leads to deformations

Potato aphid

from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to deformed leaves or, if the infestation [...] General The potato aphid ( Macrosiphum euphorbiae ) is of North American origin, but is these days distributed throughout the world. It is a highly polyphagous [...] therefore need to extract large quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its

Root and crown rot of strawberry

strawberry. Plant development is slow, growth is retarded and rooting is poor. Transplants look weak and may die. It is hard to visually distinguish between [...] longisetula in the case of leaf spots, such as leaf spot of strawberry and fruit rot reported mainly from Brazil. The genus is quite complex, so the taxonomy [...] rot of strawberry Not much is known about the life cycle. The fungus produces ascospores and conidia, but their role in the epidemic has not yet been

Akanthomyces muscarius

inside the pest, the fungus grows and proliferates, ultimately leading to the death of the insect host. This process is often facilitated by the production [...] weakens the pests, eventually leading to their death. Additionally, the fungus produces enzymes and toxins that further contribute to the demise of the pests [...] product Mycotal is a bio-insecticide that contains the highly effective blastospores of Lecanicillium muscarium Ve6. This product is the natural solution

Greenhouse whitefly

sugar, and the excess is excreted as honeydew, with larger larvae expelling large quantities. The damage that whiteflies cause to a crop is the result of [...] influence the development of fruit and lead to a reduction in yield. The honeydew deposited on fruit makes it sticky. Dirt adheres to the fruit, and the growth [...] into a white, oval case encircled by a ring of erect waxy rods. This is called the pupa stadium and these pupae are found on the oldest leaves. The adult

Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

brown to red-brown border. The first infection is often on the primary leaves. The fungus is seed borne and thus also causes post- and pre-emergence damping [...] transmitted on the outside of the seed coat and cause primary infection. The conidia germinate and infect through the stomata or directly through the cuticle [...] of peas. The spots on leaves and pods are round, on the stems they are more elongated. The lesions are light brown, sunken and surrounded by a dark brown

Bacterial spot

°C and high precipitation due to rain, fog or overhead irrigation. Infection is through stomata and wounds. The dispersal is in windblown water drops, mechanical [...] as they grow. The centre of the lesions may fall out as they become drier. Under humid conditions, the spots may merge with lesions on the petioles and [...] green fruits. The specks grow into brown spots that look like scab. These spots may be surrounded by a halo. In pepper, the spots on the leaves are also

Diamond back moth

may occur in the florets. Initially, the pupa is pinkish-white to pinkish-yellow and changes to brown before adult emergence. The adult of the diamond back [...] are like those of the males. The back is marked with a broad cream or light brown band along the back, which is sometimes constricted to form one or more [...] distances to invade crops in other regions. Damage symptoms The caterpillar is a surface feeder. They feed from the lower leaf surface, leaving the wax layer

Cottony soft rot

sclerotia. The fungus also infects seeds and tubers, thereby creating a source of infection for the next crop. The dispersal to neighbouring plants is by mycelial [...] as cottony soft root, is a plant pathogenic fungus. It has a very wide range of host plants. Damage symptoms The first symptoms of a cottony soft root ( [...] mycelium infects the stem base and the roots, whereas the ascospores infect the above-ground plant parts. In greenhouses, usually only mycelium is produced by