Loose smut of wheat

during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates

Bugs

families Miridae and Pentatomidae are found as pests in agricultural crops. Find solutions for bugs in your crop Bug damage Phytophagous bugs damage plants [...] Hemiptera Bugs What are bugs? Heteropteran bugs form a group in the order Hemiptera , a highly diverse group of insects, containing both harmful and beneficial [...] beetles , which have hard, leathery forewings that meet, but do not overlap, in the dorsal midline. Some bugs produce a pungent odour. Heteropteran bugs are

Pine processionary moth

arranged in pairs. The integument and hairs that clothe the body vary considerably with different provenances. In general, the integument is darker in colder [...] bluish-grey to black. Pupation takes place in the soil in an oval, ochreous-white silken cocoon. The pupae are about 20 mm in length, oval, and of a pale brown [...] beetles or other wood-boring insects. In mature forests, trees are rarely killed but significant losses occur in volume growth. Defoliation damage and

Goat moth

broad-leafed trees. It is most often found in birch, ash, willow and elm but can also attack fruit trees. It is widespread in Europe. Damage symptoms Feeding galleries [...] galleries are very extensive and the larvae burrow in all directions in both sap and hart wood. Attacks are usually confined to the trunk of mature tress [...] spines on the abdominal segment. The moths fly at night in June or July and lay eggs on tree trunks in batches of up to 50. After the eggs hatch, the larvae

Horse-chestnut leaf miner

horse-chestnut leaf miner overwinters in the pupal stage in a cocoon in dead leaves. The emergence of adults in spring occurs in April and May, depending on climatic [...] European horse-chestnut in Greece, Albania and Macedonia. It was first observed attacking ornamental horse-chestnut trees in Macedonia in the 1970s, from where [...] larvae mine in horse chestnut leaves go to four (occasionally five instars) and their size varies form 0.5 mm in the firsts instar up to 3.5 mm in the fourth

May beetle

very similar in terms of their external appearance. In short, the adults have a reddish-brown colour and grow to approximately 10 to 25 cm in size, depending [...] deposition of eggs in the ground, close to plant roots. The larvae eat throughout the summer and migrate deep into the soil in autumn. In cold climates they [...] aggressive. In early spring they either start feeding again or when the larvae are fully grown a kind of earthern cell is created in the ground in which they

Yellow rose aphid

white skin, betraying their presence in the crop. The yellow rose aphid is holocyclic in North America (i.e. they mate in autumn and produce eggs to overwinter) [...] generally found only on cultivated roses and strawberries, in glasshouses in northern Europe or outdoors in warmer climates. Wingless yellow rose aphids have a [...] cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses, reproduction takes place by parthenogenesis, with unfertilized

Vine mealybug

yield. Flowers and fruit often drop off. Plant sap is rich in sugars, but low in proteins. In order to gain an adequate intake of protein, mealybugs must [...] instar nymph, prepupa, pupa and adult. The eggs are golden-yellow in color and are deposited in an cottony egg sac (ovisac) containing from 300-500 eggs. The [...] present only in the male. After a complete metamorphosis, a winged male emerges from the pupa. The male is smaller (1 mm), dark orange in color with long

Crane flies

during the autumn.. Larvae overwinter in the soil, usually in the third instar stage. and start feeding again in spring. They become active again and feed [...] Eggs are black in colour, oval, 1mm long and deposited on the soil surface. Larvae are cylindrical, tapering toward the head, and grey-brown in colour. Larvae [...] feed voraciously when the soil begins to warm up in spring. The larvae pupate below the soil surface in summer. The pupal stage lasts about two weeks.

Rose aphid

is dark in colour. The siphunculi are black and bent outwards. The rose aphid usually overwinters on rose bushes in the egg stage, although in mild winter [...] cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses, reproduction takes place by parthenogenesis, with unfertilized [...] colonies of aphids can build up on roses in spring and summer; sometimes shoots are completely covered by aphids. In summer, winged aphids spread the infestation