• Bacterial spot

  dead leaves In field-grown tomato and pepper rotate fields to prevent infection from volunteer plants and crop debris Avoid waste piles in the vicinity [...] leaf spot on peppers and tomatoes. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas vesicatoria in tomato causes small, water-soaked spots on leaves which are first round and [...] brown spots that look like scab. These spots may be surrounded by a halo. In pepper, the spots on the leaves are also round and small to start with and

• Gummy stem blight

  the leaves Pick flowers within two days after opening in areas suspected of disease (only feasible in high-wire crops) Pick and remove dead and diseased leaves [...] pathogen that causes gummy stem blight. Damage symptoms Mycosphaerella cucumis in cucumber causes brown lesions on the foot and higher up on the stem. On the [...] spores, become visible. On the leaves, round and extending lesions may occur. In cucumber, the most important symptom is internal fruit rot, which can only

• Cottony soft rot

  Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) overwinters as sclerotia and mycelium in dead and living plant material in or on the ground. Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between [...] mycelium grows on the lesions, giving this disease its name cottony soft rot. In the mycelium, big, dark sclerotia are formed. They can easily be seen with [...] and the roots, whereas the ascospores infect the above-ground plant parts. In greenhouses, usually only mycelium is produced by the germinating sclerotia

• Glume blotch

  lesions, new pycnidia are formed. The conidia that are produced in these pycnidia emerge in a pink slimy substance. The conidia are released at high relative [...] as brown, elongated lesions with a light halo on leaves, stems and glumes. In the centre of the lesions, light-coloured translucent pycnidia (fruiting bodies) [...] and perithecia occur. Perithecia are also formed on dead glumes and stems. In case of severe infection , the heads of wheat become black and the kernels

• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  ) causes foot rot in peas, whereas Ascochyta pisi does occur sometimes at the stem base but is not part of the foot rot syndrome in peas. Infected seeds [...] appearance of Pea blight, leaf and pod spot Ascochyta pisi hardly survives in the soil or on crop residues because of its poor saprophytic competitiveness [...] water for dispersal. How to prevent Pea blight, leaf and pod spot Grow peas in arid regions Use clean seed Use a minimum crop rotation of four years with

• Phytophthora blight

  optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different stages: as oospores (sexual overwintering [...] Secondary infection is either by germinating sporangia or by zoospores produced in the sporangia. For germination on above-ground plant parts, leaf wetness is [...] causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal in the soil happens via water, since the zoospores can readily move through water

• Leaf stripe

  at soil temperatures above 15 °C. How to prevent Leaf stripe Produce seed in semi-arid environments without irrigation, to decrease the chances of infection [...] or at least test the seed before use Use resistant cultivars Delay sowing in spring barley until soil temperature is higher than 12-15 o C Prevent plant

• Downy mildew of Cucurbits

  or surviving mycelium sporangia are formed, structures in which zoospores are produced. However, in downy mildews, sporangia often germinate directly and [...] density, good aeration during propagation and maintaining a warm and dry climate in greenhouses. Use hygiene measures. Start clean, remove crop residues and prevent

• Loose smut of barley

  during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates

• Loose smut of wheat

  during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates