• Foot rot of cereals

  the point of infection around the milky ripe stage (GS 75). Later infections may result in infection of the grain without obvious bleaching of the ears [...] appearance, although this is not always the case. Life cycle and appearance of Foot rot of cereals Microdochium nivale , a fungal pathogen responsible for causing [...] dark lesions and rotting of roots and stems. These visible signs serve as key diagnostic features for identifying the presence of the pathogen in affected

• Loose smut of barley

  emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut spores. [...] cycle and appearance of Loose smut of barley The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next [...] affects barley and can destroy a large proportion of the crop. It is also known as barley smut, or loose smut of barley. Damage symptoms Infection by Ustilago

• Pierce's disease of grapevine

  in olive. Damage symptoms Grapevines: Primary infection of leaves results in leaf scorch. Part of a green leaf suddenly dies and turns brown with adjacent [...] occur on the underside of the leaves. These lesions start out in a light-brown colour, turning to dark-brown or necrosis. Fruits of infected trees are much [...] foliage becomes thinner, but the trees don’t die of the disease. Olives: Scorch symptoms and desiccation of twigs and small branches occur on infected leaves

• Bacterial canker of tomato

  only occurs in the second half of the season. The first symptoms are wilting of the lower leaves and subsequent expansion of the wilt upwards. Cutting the [...] on is round, hence the name ring rot. Life cycle and appearance of Bacterial canker of tomato Clavibacter is seed-borne and tuber-borne and primary infection [...] rotation in field crops of at least two years and alternate with a non-host crop Apply deep-ploughing to stimulate the decay of crop residues Prevent plant

• Loose smut of wheat

  appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut spores. Life cycle and appearance of Loose smut of wheat [...] or loose smut of wheat. Damage symptoms Infection by Ustilago nuda f.sp. tritici remains invisible until head emergence. The first sign of infection is [...] the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates, the mycelium of the fungus grows upwards

• Downy mildew of Cucurbits

  On the underside of the leave fluffy growth appears which is first white and later turns grey-brown. This is actually the sporulation of the pathogens extruding [...] extruding from the stomata. Life cycle and appearance of Downy mildew Pathogens causing downy mildew are not fungi but Oomycetes and related to Pythium [...] protruding from the stomata. Because there are more stomata on the underside of the leaf, this is where most fluffy symptoms are found. How to prevent Downey

• Black root rot of cucurbits

  Black root rot of cucurbits Test for the presence of Phomopsis sclerotioides with molecular tools before planting Use resistant rootstock of Cucurbita ficifolia [...] lesions are slightly sunken and are mostly formed around the point of attachment of lateral roots and root hairs. The lesions may grow and encircle the [...] disease is usually restricted to a few of the roots but in severe cases all roots may be infected. At the final stage of the disease, only vascular tissue remains

• Optimal placement of bumblebee hives

  Correct placement of hives The right placement of bumblebee hives can significantly enhance the pollination efficiency of bumblebees. The following steps [...] it is advisable to position the hives at a height of 20 – 60 cm above the ground on the south side of the path. This location ensures that the hives receive [...] In case of insufficient shade, additional measures should be taken, especially in autumn when the Wireless Beehome System is closed. In times of high t

• A Future Vision of IPM in Agriculture

  July 22, 2022

  the development of more robust environmental stewardship schemes, as well as the requirements of food retailers to limit the number of pesticide residues [...] Diversification of IPM In the future there will be a proliferation of smaller agribusiness companies as the multinationals reduce product ranges of chemical [...] Demise of Agrochemicals Over recent years there have been new industry drivers which have led to growers and farmers wanting to explore the use of Integrated

• Certainty in the quality of every sachet and bottle of our predatory mites

  May 19, 2025

  knowledge of biology and agronomy to promote environmentally friendly agricultural practices. For Bertha, plants are fundamental pillars of ecosystems [...] the quality of the predatory mites that Koppert produces and imports. Her work involves verifying the quantity, activity, and capability of these small [...] worldwide distribution, every step of the process is carried out with rigorous standards. Bertha highlights the importance of the cold chain during transportation