• Damping-off

  January 1, 1970

  higher temperatures in the soil or irrigation water. Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs in young plants and damage is more extensive in young crops. Damage [...] irreversibly. In potted plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot and very little of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or [...] are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress, caused for example by too much water, too high or low temperatures or sudden fluctuations in temperature

• Early blight

  January 1, 1970

  only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary infection [...] three days later and sporulation within five days. Infection is both direct and through wounds and stomata. Spores are dispersed by wind and in some species [...] residues, weeds and volunteer plants. Use clean seed and propagation materials. Practice crop rotation, in particular when spores surviving in the soil are

• Angular leaf spot

  January 1, 1970

  also introduced in a crop in new transplants. This bacterium is very resistant to desiccation and can survive well in dry leaves or leaves in the soil, but [...] cycle and appearance of Angular leaf spot Xanthomonas fragariae overwinters in plants and dead leaves, that become the primary source of infection in the [...] both passively and actively. Infection and disease development are favoured by temperatures around 20 °C during the day and cold nights, in combination with

• Bacterial canker of tomato

  January 1, 1970

  the plants in greenhouse crops and by water in field crops, for example through splashes of rain or irrigation. Both in greenhouses and in the field, spraying [...] tested and disinfected seed Use only tested and certified seed potatoes Apply strict hygiene measures in greenhouse crops: remove infected plants in closed [...] protective clothing and gloves, disinfect tools and greenhouse structures Use a crop rotation in field crops of at least two years and alternate with a non-host

• Grey mould

  January 1, 1970

  fungus in many environments. It survives in plant parts like bulbs and crop residues or as sclerotia (drought- and cold-resistant structures) in the soil [...] the lesion wilts and dies. In vegetables and strawberry, grey mould ( Botryotinia fuckeliana / Botrytis cinerea ) affects the fruit. In potted plants, the [...] plants or plant parts in a closed plastic bag In tomato: prune with a knife and not by hand, to avoid rugged, irregular wound surfaces In cucumber: remove dead

• Beneficial nematodes

  January 1, 1970

  weevils , and other insect larvae. They are commonly used in greenhouse and nursery pest management and are becoming more and more popular in orchards and outdoor [...] white grubs, and root weevils . They are used in turfgrass management and for controlling pests in several vegetable crops, blueberries, and other soft fruit [...] cylindrical bodies, and they come in a variety of sizes, ranging from microscopic to several inches in length. Nematodes play various roles in ecosystems. Some

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  January 1, 1970

  growth (crazy roots). In greenhouse vegetables, the roots overgrow the substrate and in severe epidemics the drippers get clogged. In tomato, excessive vegetative [...] rain and wind and by humans and tools. Until now, no bacteria have been isolated from crazy roots. This disease seems to be caused by a change in the hormonal [...] which are first white and later turn brown. Only Rhizobium radiobacter causes galls and tumours on underground plant parts and on the crown. Furthermore

• Amblyseius swirskii

  January 1, 1970

  thrips and whitefly. Feeding behaviour of Amblyseius swirskii Predatory mites pierce their prey and suck out the contents. In addition to thrips and whiteflies [...] deutonymph, and adult. Eggs are laid on the underside of leaves, often in the axil of veins. They are oval, white and are approximately 0.14 mm in diameter [...] white in colour, and have a flat, elongated body. They are roughly 0.4 mm in length. Males are smaller than females. The mites are very mobile and actively

• Transeius montdorensis

  January 1, 1970

  ulmi ) and rust mites. Transeius montdorensis in bottles The predatory mite Transeius montdorensis is available in a bottle ( Montdo-Mite ). Turn and shake [...] predatory mites multiply in the sachet and disperse into the crop over a period of several weeks. Hang sachets in sheltered locations in the crop, avoid hanging [...] life cycle and helps in reducing overall pest numbers. As a natural enemy of various pests, Transeius montdorensis plays a significant role in integrated

• Phytoseiulus persimilis

  January 1, 1970

  d spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) and has been used in many crops worldwide, mainly in greenhouses, but also in outdoor crops such as strawberries. This [...] agent used commercially in greenhouses and Koppert’s very first product in 1967. It is a specialist predator of spider mites and can control spider mite [...] deutonymph and adult, except for the resting period in the larval and nymphal stages. On plants, the oval eggs are usually deposited close to, or in a spider