Phytophthora blight

water-soaked lesions with vague borders and white fluffy fungal growth on the leaves. The centre is grey-brown with a light-green edge. On the stem, elongated [...] from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also occurs. Exudates leaking from growing root tips promote germination and attract the zoospores [...] zoospores. The pathogen grows into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures containing sporangia, a type of spores) with sporangia

Natutec Drive

to apply Koppert products evenly over the crop to get the most effective pest control. The product is a unit with a patented release system to disperse [...] through tubes over crops. The Natutec Drive is applicable in any situation and based on the specifications of the greenhouse. The Natutec Drive module can [...] does it work? The user puts beneficial insects inside the drum, which can carry up to 30 liters of material. The Natutec Drive will rotate the drum to keep

Thrips

hatching, the larvae begin to feed on plant tissue on the underside of the leaf. The larvae are smaller than the adults and lack wings. Depending on the species [...] pupate on the plant or in the ground. The pre-pupal and pupal instars are recognizable by their developing wing buds. Compared with the pre-pupa, the pupa has [...] cause damage to the plant by piercing the cells of the surface tissue and sucking out their contents, causing the surrounding tissue to die. The resulting

Damping-off

bulbs. At first, the plants recover during the night, but later the plants wilt irreversibly. In potted plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot [...] of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the easy [...] easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. Life cycle and appearance of Damping-off Pythium belongs to the Oomycetes, a separate

Bacterial spot

as they grow. The centre of the lesions may fall out as they become drier. Under humid conditions, the spots may merge with lesions on the petioles and [...] green fruits. The specks grow into brown spots that look like scab. These spots may be surrounded by a halo. In pepper, the spots on the leaves are also [...] also round and small to start with and slightly raised from the leaf surface. They occur on the abaxial (underside of) leaf surfaces and may enlarge into

May beetle

ending in the death of the plant. From the third stage onwards, the impact of this pest increases. Damage symptoms Initial damage is not visible in the aerial [...] of the plant, as the larvae only feed on root hairs and organic material during the first and second instars. When they move to the next stage, the larvae [...] cause damage to crops, the most representative genus is the Phyllophaga . Given the external physical similarities between the adults and larvae of this

Pierce's disease of grapevine

along the margin or the tip from early to midsummer. The necrotic area spreads over the leaf from the margin and is marked by a chlorotic band. In the beginning [...] usually starts in the upper part of the canopy on a few branches and then extends to the rest. Eventually, the whole root system is killed and the trees die. [...] substance, in the vessels. The bacteria, gum and tyloses block the vessels, causing the plants to wilt. Transport to different plant parts depends on the plant

Bacterial canker of tomato

usually white with a brown centre. In potato, the disease usually only occurs in the second half of the season. The first symptoms are wilting of the lower leaves [...] expansion of the wilt upwards. Cutting the stem at the foot shows whitish ooze with bacteria in the case of C lavibacter infection, but other than that the disease [...] growers must either destroy the infected crop entirely or, if the crop is old, only the plants in the infected area, with a substantial buffer zone. Replanting

Verticillium wilt

of the plant and produces spores that are transported upwards with the transpiration stream. As a defence mechanism, the plant produces gum in the vessels [...] vessels. The presence of both the fungus and the gum causes the xylem vessels to get blocked, which in turn causes the plant to wilt. Spores may be wind-dispersed [...] wind-dispersed to new hosts. In the senescent tissue, the resting mycelium or the microsclerotia are formed. The spread of the fungus by mycelium growth is limited

Fusarium head blight or scab

density. The foot of the plant is infected, either because the seedling was infected or by direct infection of the foot by overwintering inoculum. On the infected [...] spread the disease. Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum ) primarily infects the older, lower leaves. The spores are dispersed upwards to the ears by [...] takes place as infection of the roots at the root tip or in small wounds, for example where lateral roots branch off from the tap root. Gibberella zeae (Fusarium