• Phytophthora blight

  growth on the leaves. The centre is grey-brown with a light-green edge. On the stem, elongated brown lesions occur, usually circling the stem. On potato [...] germination and attract the zoospores. The pathogen grows into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures containing sporangia [...] germinating sporangia or by zoospores produced in the sporangia. For germination on above-ground plant parts, leaf wetness is required. Dispersal is by wind and

• Angular leaf spot

  symptoms Xanthomonas fragariae initially causes small, water-soaked lesions on the underside of the leaf. They enlarge to angular spots, often limited by [...] translucent. When conditions are humid, a viscous bacterial exudate forms on the underside of the leaf. This exudate changes to a white film when it dries [...] dries. Lesions may merge as they grow and later also become visible on the upper side of the leaf as irregular spots which are first reddish brown and then

• Apple sawfly

  sawfly damage include: Crescent-shaped egg-laying scars on young fruit Surface feeding scars on developing fruitlets Tunnels inside fruit caused by larval [...] orchards for: Adult sawflies during bloom Egg-laying scars on young fruit Surface feeding scars on fruitlets Premature fruit drop Larval feeding damage Biological [...] nematodes contribute to long-term population suppression while reducing reliance on conventional insecticides.

• Green apple aphid

  Stunted or twisted shoot growth Sticky honeydew deposits on leaves and fruit Sooty mould development on honeydew covered surfaces Reduced tree vigor and restricted [...] pomi) is a common aphid species in apple orchards. Both nymphs and adults feed on young leaves and shoots, reducing tree vigour and affecting shoot development [...] aphid Overwintering Green apple aphid overwinters as small, shiny black eggs on apple trees, typically laid around buds, branch forks, and young twigs. Spring

• Japanese beetle

  control actions were taken to prevent further spread. The Japanese beetle is on the A2 list of the European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). To prevent [...] turn brown and drop. The adults are gregarious, usually beginning to feed on foliage at the top of a plant and working downwards. The larvae are most abundant [...] cause more disruption to the sward than the grubs themselves. Feeding by grubs on roots of maize , beans, tomatoes, strawberries, nursery seedlings, or other

• Pierce's disease of grapevine

  desiccation of twigs and small branches occur on infected leaves. This usually starts in the upper part of the canopy on a few branches and then extends to the [...] young infected trees show dwarfing. Leaves and flowers appear early and remain on the plant longer, but fewer and smaller fruits are produced. In plums, the [...] certain branches. When the leaves mature, slightly raised gummy lesions occur on the underside of the leaves. These lesions start out in a light-brown colour

• Leaf stripe

  yield losses. Damage symptoms Symptoms first occur on the first, second and third leaf and subsequently on other leaves. Yellow stripes are formed at the base [...] The fungus spreads from the seed into the seedling. Conidia are produced on the infected leaves when humidity is high and wind-dispersed to neighbouring

• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  the plants may show signs of stunting and produce many adventitious roots on the stem. The vascular stem tissue is coloured brown and when the stem is [...] temperate regions. It survives well in water and in many different soil types and on alternative hosts like weeds. It invades the plants through wounds or stomata [...] cutting knives and tools Control root rot nematodes as the wounds they make on roots help the bacteria to infect the crop Do not use cut potatoes for propagation

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  galls on the stems, which are first white and later turn brown. Only Rhizobium radiobacter causes galls and tumours on underground plant parts and on the

• Foot rot of cereals

  staining of the lower nodes. Long dark streaks may also appear at the stem base. On older plants, infection can produce a true foot rot, where the stem base becomes [...] bleaching of the ears. The presence of orange/pink spores may also be visible on infected spikelets. As the crop ripens, symptoms become less visible. At harvest [...] the cycle. Microdochium nivale manifests as white to pinkish fungal growth on infected plant tissues, often accompanied by dark lesions and rotting of roots