• False spider mites

  Tenuipalpidae ) are brick-red to yellow in colour. They have the same body shape as spider mites but are usually smaller. The different species all look [...] They move slowly and are mostly found along the veins on the underside of leaves. The mites are flattened and egg-shaped when seen from above, with their [...] mites ( Tenuipalpidae ) are usually found on the underside of leaves where they cause a brown, scabby discolouration spreading from both sides of the main

• Silver-Y moth

  varied markings, from different shades of brown to grey, but the most distinctive feature is the irregular white mark. The hindwings are brown with a broad [...] hairy, the antennae are long and thin. The moths fly during the day as well as at night, often in large swarms. They fly rapidly from flower to flower, often [...] The caterpillars are nocturnal. When the caterpillar is full-grown, it will form a greenish to black pupa, either in leaves which are woven together with

• Plant Pollinator interactions in high temperatures

  the best conditions are for pollination. Of course, these are approximations and should only serve as a guideline. There are differences between varieties [...] shade from the crop. If needed, provide additional shading 5 of the walkways. Protecting the hives from direct sunlight can make a difference of 2-15° [...] fluctuating yields that result in overall lower production. Differences in cultivars There are also upper limits for the 24-hour temperature, above which

• Obscure mealybug

  mealybug Mealybugs get their name from the fact that the body of the females from the third nymphal instar onwards are covered with a white waxy material [...] yet covered with wax. They are actively mobile and known as ‘crawlers’. Second instar nymphs are darker and less active. From the second instar onwards [...] winged male emerges from this pupa. The males lack mouth parts and are incapable of feeding. They have a brief lifespan during which they are wholly engaged

• Leaf stripe

  only source of primary infection. The fungus spreads from the seed into the seedling. Conidia are produced on the infected leaves when humidity is high [...] temperatures below 12 °C are most conducive for this disease and infection does not occur at soil temperatures above 15 °C. How to prevent Leaf stripe Produce [...] first, second and third leaf and subsequently on other leaves. Yellow stripes are formed at the base of the leaf and the leaf sheath. They gradually extend

• Loose smut of barley

  and appearance of Loose smut of barley The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop [...] after pollination. How to prevent Loose smut of barley Use clean seed: Apply systemic fungicide treatment of seeds. Contact fungicides are not effective Apply [...] primordia. It only becomes visible after head emergence. The teliospores that are formed on systemically infected seeds then infect neighbouring new seeds.

• Loose smut of wheat

  and appearance of Loose smut of wheat The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop [...] after pollination. How to prevent Loose smut of wheat Use clean seed: Apply systemic fungicide treatment of seeds. Contact fungicides are not effective Apply [...] primordia. It only becomes visible after head emergence. The teliospores that are formed on systemically infected seeds then infect neighbouring new seeds.

• Two-spotted spider mite

  Spider mites are tiny, adults are about 0.5 mm long in length. They have an oval-shaped body with eight legs, which distinguishes them from insects that [...] size, they are capable of very rapidly doing severe damage, due to their great reproductive capacity. There are more than 1200 species worldwide and many [...] of two-spotted spider mite Two-spotted spider mites are small and have eight legs. Adult females are about 0.5 mm long. They have an oval body that is rounded

• Brown soft scale

  young, but in fact the first instar nymph emerges from the egg under the mother’s scale. The pink crawlers are active for two or three days and disperse locally [...] by ants. The ants will clean and protect the coccids and in turn benefit from a rich food source. The honeydew also quickly becomes infected by sooty moulds [...] ages. The size, shape and characteristics of the female also vary with different host plants. The middle of the scale is always darker than the margins

• Cotton aphid

  species can transmit more than 50 different viruses, including the cucumber mosaic virus. Nymphs and adults extract nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance [...] cotton aphid can be distinguished from other aphids by the colour of the two cornicles (siphunculi). These cornicles are always black, whatever the body [...] 1.8 mm long) are usually dark green to black, while aphids produced in overcrowded colonies at a high temperature can be much smaller (from 0.9 mm), and