Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

carovora is very common, but does not often reach epidemic population densities. It can survive as epiphytic bacteria on various plants or in the soil in low [...] found as secondary pathogen in plants that are infected by other pathogens. The bacteria that causes black leg in potato is a different subspecies. How [...] carotovora . It is one of the pectolytic bacteria causing extensive bacterial rots (bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot). Damage symptoms In tomato, Erwinia

Glume blotch

leaves are infected and frequent rain is expected Be aware that in a crop with dense foliage, splash dispersal is more efficient so the disease will spread [...] temperature above freezing when water is available. Conidia require a minimum of 5 °C for germination. Primary infection is mostly by ascospores or conidia on [...] lesions, new pycnidia are formed. The conidia that are produced in these pycnidia emerge in a pink slimy substance. The conidia are released at high relative

Grey mould

Botryotinia fuckeliana / Botrytis cinerea ) is a commonly found fungus in many environments. It survives in plant parts like bulbs and crop residues or [...] much vegetative growth, in order to maintain a microclimate which is not humid enough for grey mould Provide sufficient ventilation in greenhouse crops Remove [...] plants or plant parts in a closed plastic bag In tomato: prune with a knife and not by hand, to avoid rugged, irregular wound surfaces In cucumber: remove dead

Dwarf bunt

e healthy kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the next season. The optimum temperature for germination is 3-8 °C and it takes three to [...] General Tilletia controversa is a plant pathogen. It is a fungus known to cause the smut disease TCK smut in soft white and hard red winter wheats, as [...] teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main source of primary infection. The soil-borne teliospores may survive in soil without

Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

) causes foot rot in peas, whereas Ascochyta pisi does occur sometimes at the stem base but is not part of the foot rot syndrome in peas. Infected seeds [...] dark brown to red-brown border. The first infection is often on the primary leaves. The fungus is seed borne and thus also causes post- and pre-emergence [...] survives in the soil or on crop residues because of its poor saprophytic competitiveness and because chlamydospores are rare. Primary infection is purely

Downy mildew of Cucurbits

germination free water is required. For most downy mildews, the optimum temperature is around 15 o C and the closer the temperature is to this, the shorter [...] underside of the leave fluffy growth appears which is first white and later turns grey-brown. This is actually the sporulation of the pathogens extruding [...] or surviving mycelium sporangia are formed, structures in which zoospores are produced. However, in downy mildews, sporangia often germinate directly and

Damping-off

aphanidermatum mostly occurs in young plants and damage is more extensive in young crops. Damage symptoms Pythium affects roots, in particular those of seedlings [...] General Pythium is considered a ‘weak pathogen’, meaning that it can usually only affect plants that are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress [...] temperatures or sudden fluctuations in temperature. Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs at higher temperatures in the soil or irrigation water. Pythium

Phytophthora blight

higher water content than is optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different stages: as oospores [...] infection is either by germinating sporangia or by zoospores produced in the sporangia. For germination on above-ground plant parts, leaf wetness is required [...] required. Dispersal is by wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal in the soil happens via water, since

Wheat bunt

kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the next season. Infection is strongly correlated to temperature and precipitation in the first 11 days [...] General Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis only differ in one gene and easily hybridize. There is debate whether they should indeed be considered separate [...] tritici and Tilletia laevis survive as teliospores in the soil or on seed. These teliospores germinate in response to moisture and form basidiospores, also

Apple scab

overwinters in the form of unripe fruiting bodies in infected fallen leaves or in lesions on twigs. These unripe fruiting bodies, or pseudothecia ripen in winter [...] parts and spore production. In autumn, the fungus produces new pseudothecia in leaves that have already fallen off the trees. In response to the infection [...] mechanism is to produce corky rings around the lesions to prevent further invasion of tissue by the fungus. Late fruit infection only results in small dark