Click beetles

the roots and bore into the base of plants. This can cause the plants to wilt and die. Damage is more severe in young plants. Life cycle and appearance [...] are 6-10 mm long and yellowish brown to black. The eggs are laid in May or June in groups in the soil. They hatch about one month later and the larvae start [...] feigning death and then suddenly propel themselves into the air with a audible click. Hence their name. Their larvae are called wireworms and feed on the

Chafers

eggs. Eggs are shiny and white. The eggs hatch after about four weeks and the larvae start to feed on roots. The larvae are white-coloured, C-shaped grubs [...] the roots can lead to yellowing and wilting of plants. Damage can be severe on young plants and especially in grassland and turf. There, secondary damage [...] birds and small mammals digging for the grubs to eat them. Life cycle and appearance of Chafers Adult Amphimallon sostitialis are 14-18 mm long and yellowish

Olive scale

pest of citrus and olives and occurs widely in tropical regions and in greenhouses throughout the world. It is a severe pest in coffee and citrus. Many [...] desiccation of tissues and dieback. Life cycle and appearance of Olive scale Young females are oval, 3-6 mm long and almost flat. Their shield is dark grey [...] grey or brown to black and has two transverse crests and one median ridge that together form the letter H. On citrus, early stages might be yellow but they

Oleander scale

scale or white scale belongs to the Coccoidea and has an almost worldwide distribution. Host plants include olive, apple, mango, palms, oleander and citrus [...] of the scale armour on stems, leaves and fruits of hosts. Infestations on the leaves and stems may cause wilting and may reduce the photosynthetic area of [...] infestation can lead to yellowing, leaf and shoot malformation or shrivelling and plant death. Life cycle and appearance of Oleander scale Adult oleander

Aphelinus abdominalis

in length, with short legs and short antennae. Females have a black thorax and yellow abdomen. Males are slightly smaller and their abdomen is a slightly [...] material remains dry and at its introduction site for a few days The dosage of Aphilin depends on climate, crop and aphid density and should always be adjusted [...] their less swollen, more elongated form, and their black colour. Adult wasps prefer to walk rather than fly, and will jump if irritated.

Encarsia formosa

head that is dark brown to black in colour, a dark brown to black thorax, and a yellow abdomen. The male is entirely black. [...] whitefly populations in various agricultural and horticultural settings. This parasitic wasp, native to temperate and subtropical regions, has become an important [...] species ( En-Strip ) and in combination with Eretmocerus eremicus ( Enermix ). Open package carefully inside the greenhouse Bend and tear off the strips

Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

the fruits, lesions first are small and sunken, water-soaked and light to dark brown. They are adjacent to wounds and natural openings at the stem end. Later [...] that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the bacterial growth in the pith, the stem seems wet and slimy. Above or below the hollow [...] Later the fruit becomes soft and lesion contents become liquid. Life cycle and appearance of Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot Erwinia carotovora

European red mite

Adult females are about 0.4 mm long, brick red, and oval shaped with white hairs on their back and white spots (tubercles) at the base of the hairs; males [...] (apple, pear, plum and cherry). However, it can attack a large scale of other woody plants and is occasionally a problem on roses and other ornamentals [...] yellowish red, and more slender and tapered near the hind end. The development from egg to adult goes faster at higher temperatures and takes approximately

Cactus mealybug

yellow-brown and not yet covered with wax. They are actively mobile and known as ‘crawlers’. From the second instar on, they are covered with white waxy exudate [...] into a third instar, and then into the adult female without a complete metamorphosis. Third instar nymphs and adult females are oval and covered by wax. The [...] crowns, roots. and flowers. Depending on the host plant species, infestations with cactus mealybug cause discoloration of the plants and later necrosis

Foot rot of cereals

primarily affects the roots and lower stem of cereal plants, leading to rotting and ultimately compromising plant health and yield. Microdochium nivale [...] temperatures and high humidity, the conidia germinate and penetrate the host's tissues. Inside the plant, the fungus colonizes the root and lower stem, [...] nivale manifests as white to pinkish fungal growth on infected plant tissues, often accompanied by dark lesions and rotting of roots and stems. These visible