• Plum

  plum is a drupe, so its firm and juicy flesh contains one single, hard seed. The plum is usually not too big (between 1-3 inch diameter) and its shape [...] About A plum is a fruit that belongs to the subgenus Prunus as well as the genus Prunus . This fruit comes in many species, and taxonomists cannot agree [...] shape is globose or more oval. The plum’s skin is soft with a natural wax layer.

• Root and crown rot of strawberry

  areas in crown and root of strawberry. Plant development is slow, growth is retarded and rooting is poor. Transplants look weak and may die. It is hard [...] New diseases in strawberry have been ascribed to Pestalotiopsis clavispora in the case of root and crown rot (of strawberry), first found in The Netherlands [...] Pestalotiopsis longisetula in the case of leaf spots, such as leaf spot of strawberry and fruit rot reported mainly from Brazil. The genus is quite complex, so

• Loose smut of wheat

  General Ustilago nuda f.sp. tritici is a basidiomyceteous fungus that affects wheat. It is also known as loose wheat smut, or loose smut of wheat. Damage [...] tritici remains invisible until head emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains [...] during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates

• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  solanacearum is a quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the United States. It is a commonly found soil-inhabitant in tropical [...] makes it more dangerous in temperate regions. It survives well in water and in many different soil types and on alternative hosts like weeds. It invades [...] solanacearum is a plant pathogenic bacterium. It is a soil-borne disease and colonises the xylem, causing bacterial wilt and brown rot in a very wide range

• Protected vegetables

  making it easier for growers to comply with legal requirements. Common pests in vegetable crops Vegetable pests can inflict serious damage in terms of [...] these vegetable pests is an important step into understanding how to control them. Go to pest overview Biological pest control in vegetable crops Vegetable [...] and thrips. Diseases in vegetable crops There are different types of diseases in vegetable crops that cause harm to the plants and its fruits. Common vegetable

• Pepino mosaic virus

  of the damage caused by PepMV is, that it is very intense for a few weeks and then disappears to eventually return later in the season. This means that damage [...] can be observed. In Europe, the Chilean strain (CH2) is dominant and present in 90% of the infections. If more strains are found in case of infection [...] which strain – that causes the infection is one them. The moment in the crop cycle when the infection takes place is another factor that might have an important

• Cottony soft rot

  The plant above it wilts and rots. White, fluffy fungal mycelium grows on the lesions, giving this disease its name cottony soft rot. In the mycelium, big [...] Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, also known as cottony soft root, is a plant pathogenic fungus. It has a very wide range of host plants. Damage symptoms The first [...] Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) overwinters as sclerotia and mycelium in dead and living plant material in or on the ground. Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between

• Loose smut of barley

  sp. hordei affects barley and can destroy a large proportion of the crop. It is also known as barley smut, or loose smut of barley. Damage symptoms Infection [...] hordei r emains invisible until head emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains [...] during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates

• Parasitoid wasps

  wasp reaches maturity, it emerges from the host's body or the cocoon. The host pest is typically killed in the process. Host feeding In addition to parasitisation [...] Parasitisation is the primary means by which parasitoid wasps control pests in agriculture. This process involves the parasitoid wasp laying its eggs inside [...] eventually killing it. These wasps are highly specialised, with different species targeting specific pests. They are effective in reducing the population

• Black root rot of cucurbits

  survives in the soil and is a strong saprophytic competitor, which means it can rapidly colonize ‘clean’ or sterilized soil and substrate. It aggregates [...] conditions for years in the soil, but little else is known about the life cycle. The fungus is dispersed by water, air and soil particles. How to prevent Black [...] away. Infection in the early stages of the crop results in stunted growth and smaller leaves with an intense green colour. Severe infection in this stage may