• Dwarf bunt

  are generally broader and the glumes opened wider, than in plants infected with Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis Life cycle and appearance of Dwarf bunt [...] soft white and hard red winter wheats, as well as dwarf bunt. Damage symptoms Tilletia controversa causes (bunted) heads that are slender and remain green [...] seedlings even before emergence and the fungi grow inside the plants to the growing tip. The fungi grow between the plant cells and eventually grow inside the

• Glume blotch

  pycnidia and perithecia occur. Perithecia are also formed on dead glumes and stems. In case of severe infection , the heads of wheat become black and the kernels [...] (Phaeosphaeria nodorum) is a fungal pathogen of wheat , barley and ryethat induces yield and quality losses. Damage symptoms Phaeosphaeria nodorum or Septoria [...] kernels become shrivelled and deformed. When germinating seedlings are infected, they shrivel. Life cycle and appearance of Glume blotch Phaeosphaeria

• Black root rot of cucurbits

  are slightly sunken and are mostly formed around the point of attachment of lateral roots and root hairs. The lesions may grow and encircle the root. The [...] black fruit rot. Life cycle and appearance of Black root rot of cucurbits Phomopsis sclerotioides survives in the soil and is a strong saprophytic competitor [...] colonize ‘clean’ or sterilized soil and substrate. It aggregates, so disinfection needs to be applied thoroughly and evenly. Phomopsis sclerotioides forms

• Phytophthora blight

  es between 15 and 23 °C and higher water content than is optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the [...] growing root tips promote germination and attract the zoospores. The pathogen grows into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures [...] ting and be careful with overhead irrigation since both a high water content of the soil and water splash promote disease. Ensure fast drying and wound

• Leaf stripe

  may be stunted and heads may be distorted and failing to emerge from the sheath. Ear length and the number of kernels may be reduced and kernels may be [...] occur on the first, second and third leaf and subsequently on other leaves. Yellow stripes are formed at the base of the leaf and the leaf sheath. They gradually [...] gradually extend and become brown and chlorotic and may merge. Eventually this leads to the death of the leaf. The leaf splits at the end which makes it

• Angular leaf spot

  happens both passively and actively. Infection and disease development are favoured by temperatures around 20 °C during the day and cold nights, in combination [...] merge as they grow and later also become visible on the upper side of the leaf as irregular spots which are first reddish brown and then become necrotic [...] fragariae infection. Life cycle and appearance of Angular leaf spot Xanthomonas fragariae overwinters in plants and dead leaves, that become the primary

• Bacterial spot

  are also round and small to start with and slightly raised from the leaf surface. They occur on the abaxial (underside of) leaf surfaces and may enlarge into [...] which become rough and light brown. On fruits the spots are first small, circular and green but they turn brown, become raised and look like cracked scab [...] temperatures between 24 and 30 °C and high precipitation due to rain, fog or overhead irrigation. Infection is through stomata and wounds. The dispersal

• Verticillium wilt

  erticillium albo-atrum and Verticillium dahlia e are the most important plant pathogens. Verticillium dahlia causes verticillium wilt and early dying of potato [...] microsclerotia, small hard survival structures that can withstand high and low temperatures and dehydration. Verticillium dahliae also survives as hyphae (mycelium) [...] Verticillium can also be seed-borne and tuber-borne. The optimum temperature for Verticillium albo-atrum is 21 °C and growth stops above 30 °C, whereas

• Grey mould

  infected after abortion and then provide a large amount of inoculum Extra Silicon and/or Calcium nutrition hardens the cell walls and makes it harder for the [...] environments. It survives in plant parts like bulbs and crop residues or as sclerotia (drought- and cold-resistant structures) in the soil. Damage symptoms [...] lesions. The symptoms on fruits, flowers and on various parts of potted plants often only become visible during and after cold storage. In lettuce, grey mould

• Downy mildew of Cucurbits

  stomata. Life cycle and appearance of Downy mildew Pathogens causing downy mildew are not fungi but Oomycetes and related to Pythium and Phytophthora. They [...] during propagation and maintaining a warm and dry climate in greenhouses. Use hygiene measures. Start clean, remove crop residues and prevent splashing [...] pumpkin, watermelon and squash. Damage symptoms Downy mildew pathogens infect mostly the leaves but occasionally also stems and fruits. They cause lesions