Horse-chestnut leaf miner
mature trees. At sites where dead leaves containing overwintering pupae are not removed in the autumn, trees are usually totally defoliated, year after year [...] stands of the European horse-chestnut in Greece, Albania and Macedonia. It was first observed attacking ornamental horse-chestnut trees in Macedonia in the [...] the 1970s, from where it spread to most of Europe. Since then, in all invaded regions, outbreaks have continued unabated, causing aesthetic damage to ho