• Dwarf bunt

  January 1, 1970

  Dwarf bunt Tilletia controversa survives as teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main source of primary infection. The [...] teliospores may survive in soil without suitable host for as long as ten years. Seed-borne transmission does occur, but is less important from an epidemiological [...] fungi may form new isolates that can break resistance Use clean, disinfected seed The use of soil fungicides can help reduce the soil-borne inoculum Sowing

• Bacterial spot

  January 1, 1970

  tomato plants in the field and on diseased plant debris. The bacteria are also seed-transmitted. Disease development is favoured by temperatures between 24 and [...] to prevent Bacterial spot Use clean propagation material and disease-free seed Remove sources of inoculum such as dead leaves In field-grown tomato and

• Early blight

  January 1, 1970

  Alternaria solani can spread to the flowers (especially dangerous in crops for seed production) and to the crown. Sporulation of Alternaria occurs at temperatures [...] Early blight Remove crop residues, weeds and volunteer plants. Use clean seed and propagation materials. Practice crop rotation, in particular when spores

• Rapeseed

  January 1, 1970

  specific group of cultivars). Rapeseed is primarily grown for its oil rich seeds and nowadays the species is the third-largest provider of vegetable oil in

• Whitefly

  January 1, 1970

  that target different pest stages: Parasitic wasps Predatory mites Predatory bugs Beneficial fungi Sticky traps Parasitic wasps are key in reducing whitefly [...] populations by parasitizing larvae and host feeding. Predatory mites and bugs feed on eggs and larvae of whiteflies. Beneficial fungi are very effective [...] leaves. Whiteflies are not true flies but belong to the order Hemiptera (true bugs ). Together with aphids and scale insects, they belong to the division S

• Roots Growers positive about Mycotal against whitefly

  January 1, 1970

  parasitic wasps Encarsia formosa and Eretmocerus eremicus ) and the predatory bug Mirical ( Macrolophus pygmaeus ) as well as Koppert’s Rollertraps. Higher [...] Enermix in the three test plots, and slightly higher dosages of the predatory bug. As a result of that choice, we’ve yet to find out how much of the effect [...] development cycle, this increases the effect of the parasitic wasps and predatory bug. ‘It goes without saying that Mycotal’s biological nature is a big plus, as

• Wheat bunt

  January 1, 1970

  Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis survive as teliospores in the soil or on seed. These teliospores germinate in response to moisture and form basidiospores [...] fungi may form new isolates that can break resistance Use clean, disinfected seed The use of soil fungicides can help reduce the soil-borne inoculum Sowing

• Verticillium wilt

  January 1, 1970

  takes place via water, soil particles, tools, etc. Verticillium can also be seed-borne and tuber-borne. The optimum temperature for Verticillium albo-atrum [...] at a temperature if at least 65 o C for a minimum of 30 minutes Use clean seed, tubers or cuttings Grow less susceptible cultivars Prevent damage to the

• Fusarium spp.

  January 1, 1970

  mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed, greenhouse structures, tools and machinery. Primary infection is either seed-borne or takes place as infection [...] resistant cultivar Apply adequate crop rotation Use clean propagation material (seed can be treated effectively with hot water) Use clean substrate in greenhouse

• Obscure mealybug

  January 1, 1970

  General The obscure mealy bug ( Pseudococcus viburni ) (formerly known as Pseudococcus affinis) originates from South America, but can now be found in [...] tail filaments are always markedly longer than the others. The obscure mealy bug ( Pseudococcus viburni ) is sometimes encountered on tomato, primarily at