• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  as epiphytic bacteria on various plants or in the soil in low densities. It has also been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying [...] wilt at the time of first harvest or after that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the bacterial growth in the pith, the stem [...] carotovora . It is one of the pectolytic bacteria causing extensive bacterial rots (bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot). Damage symptoms In tomato, Erwinia

• Gummy stem blight

  tools and hands of workers. The ascospores are the main source of dispersal of disease upwards in the crop and the conidia for spread of the disease downwards [...] the leaves Pick flowers within two days after opening in areas suspected of disease (only feasible in high-wire crops) Pick and remove dead and diseased leaves [...] may occur. In cucumber, the most important symptom is internal fruit rot, which can only be recognized from the outside by the small narrowing of the tip

• Wheat bunt

  kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the next season. Infection is strongly correlated to temperature and precipitation in the first 11 days [...] appearance of Wheat bunt Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis survive as teliospores in the soil or on seed. These teliospores germinate in response to [...] types are distinguished. The filiform basidiospores fuse in the middle with a basidiospore of the other mating type so that H-shaped structures are formed

• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  ) causes foot rot in peas, whereas Ascochyta pisi does occur sometimes at the stem base but is not part of the foot rot syndrome in peas. Infected seeds [...] Life cycle and appearance of Pea blight, leaf and pod spot Ascochyta pisi hardly survives in the soil or on crop residues because of its poor saprophytic [...] lesions of stems, leaves, and pods (pea leaf spot and pea pod spot). Damage symptoms Ascochyta pisi causes spots on leaves, stems and pods of peas. The

• Bacterial spot

  volunteer plants and crop debris Avoid waste piles in the vicinity of the greenhouse or field Resistant cultivars of pepper are available and should be used Prevent [...] vesicatoria in tomato causes small, water-soaked spots on leaves which are first round and become more angular as they grow. The centre of the lesions [...] cracked scab. Life cycle and appearance of Bacterial spot Xanthomonas vesicatoria survives on volunteer tomato plants in the field and on diseased plant debris

• Cottony soft rot

  death of plants. Life cycle and appearance of Cottony soft rot Cottony soft root ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) overwinters as sclerotia and mycelium in dead [...] plant pathogenic fungus. It has a very wide range of host plants. Damage symptoms The first symptoms of a cottony soft root ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) [...] mycelium grows on the lesions, giving this disease its name cottony soft rot. In the mycelium, big, dark sclerotia are formed. They can easily be seen with

• Phytophthora blight

  optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different stages: as oospores (sexual overwintering [...] blight and late / early blight of potato. Damage symptoms Phytophthora causes root rot, seedling damping off and rot of stems, bulbs, tubers, leaves and [...] a period of mass starvation caused by this disease which ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s. Life cycle and appearance of Phytophthora

• Biological Pest Control

  the presence of natural enemies and beneficial organisms in the environment to maintain a balance between pests and their predators. Instead of introducing [...] a method of managing pests using natural predators, parasitoids, or pathogens. This approach partners with nature to maintain the balance of ecosystems [...] , to keep pest populations in check. This approach not only reduces the environmental impact but also minimises the risk of pesticide resistance, making

• Flies

  pest on soft fruits in Europe and North America. Sciarid flies and shore flies are mainly a problem in greenhouses. Their larvae live in the ground and prefer [...] rich in organic matter. Although they cause little direct damage to plants, they are often a problem due to their large number. Larvae of flies of the family [...] directly and indirectly. The type of damage depends on the species of the flies. Direct damage is the immediate result of larvae feeding on root hairs and

• Beetles

  is the largest of all insect orders and displays an enormous variety of form, size and habit. A number of species are a serious pest in crops or stored [...] and adults of beetles can cause damage to crops. The larvae of some species feed on growing tips and roots or chew and bore into stems, but in other species [...] Biological control of beetles Beetles can cause serious damage in many greenhouse and field crops by feeding on leaves, roots, or fruits, leading to reduced