Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

cause the growth of galls on the stems, which are first white and later turn brown. Only Rhizobium radiobacter causes galls and tumours on underground plant [...] vegetative growth occurs. Life cycle and appearance of Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall The primary source of infection by Rhizobium rhizogenes has not yet [...] bacteria that fix nitrogen after becoming established inside root nodules of legumes. Additionally, pathogenic Agrobacterium s pecies have recently been

Tobacco whitefly

peppers, yellowing of the flower stalks in gerbera, and serious yellowing of the leaves of French beans. Other symptoms include the appearance of chlorotic patches [...] its high level of resistance to many insecticides and its propensity for the transmission of viruses. Life cycle and appearance of Tobacco whitefly The tobacco [...] larvae are found on the underside of young leaves and have an oval shape. The first instar larvae (crawlers) are mobile, whereas the rest of the larvae stadia

Flies

and indirectly. The type of damage depends on the species of the flies. Direct damage is the immediate result of larvae feeding on root hairs and tender roots [...] ly small flies of the families Sciaridae ( sciarid flies ) and Ephydridae (shore flies). The larvae of these insects generally live on rotting plant material [...] to plants, they are often a problem due to their large number. Larvae of flies of the family Keroplatidae (mainly Lyprauta sp.) can cause damage in potted

Apple rosy aphid

plantaginea lays eggs in autumn in bark crevices on spurs and smaller branches, and on the base of buds of apple trees. The eggs hatch in spring and at first [...] leaf fall and death of shoots. Fruits from infested trusses are small and malformed and ripen prematurely. Feeding of aphids directly on fruits causes reddish [...] blotches on the skin. Life cycle and appearance of Rosy apple aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults, and

Olive scale

large amounts of honeydew causing build-up of sticky deposits on nearby surfaces. The honeydew may attract attendant ants and sooty moulds grow on the sugary [...] Removal of large quantities of sap debilitate the plant and can cause wilting, desiccation of tissues and dieback. Life cycle and appearance of Olive scale [...] the main veins on the lower sides of mature leaves. Many young females migrate to twigs and branches later and remain there for the rest of their lives.

Cutworms

segetum . The larvae of these moths usually feed on roots and plant parts close to the ground, thereby often cutting the stems of young plants. This is [...] usually observed as a cutting of young seedlings, often causing death of the cut seedlings. Sometimes wilting is observed because of partial cutting. A larva [...] quickly moves on to other plants and continues cutting. Therefore, relatively small populations of cutworms can destroy entire stands of crops, such as

Boisduval scale

pest of orchids, palms, pineapples, bananas and many other plants. Damage symptoms The first sign of Boisduval scale is the presence of the scales on upper [...] and stems of plants. On palms, Boisduval scales are normally found on the leaves and stems. Toxic saliva injected while feeding causes necrosis of tissue [...] portion of the petiole that is covered by the sheath. Small infestations on orchids cause extensive discolouration. Life cycle and appearance of Boisduval

Cactus mealybug

occasionally be found on crowns, roots. and flowers. Depending on the host plant species, infestations with cactus mealybug cause discoloration of the plants and [...] cactearum ) is a pest of cacti and other succulents. It was first described in England but its origin is not clear. It is now found on many greenhouse-grown [...] necrosis of the tissue. Plant deformations can also occur. Heavily infested plants stop growing and will eventually die. Life cycle and appearance of Cactus

Oleander aphid

the origin of its principal host plant, oleander. Damage symptoms The colonies of bright yellow aphids can easily be seen on the shoots of the host plants [...] eggs and that the progeny are clones of the adult female. The nymphs feed in colonies on the shoots at the top of the plant. Nymphs progress through five [...] is a common pest of several important ornamental plants in the families Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae. It is commonly found feeding on oleander and milkweeds

Greenhouse crop pollination

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