Dwarf bunt

teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main source of primary infection. The soil-borne teliospores may survive in soil without [...] y, these teliospores contaminate healthy kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the next season. The optimum temperature for germination [...] cause the smut disease TCK smut in soft white and hard red winter wheats, as well as dwarf bunt. Life cycle and appearance of Dwarf bunt Tilletia controversa

Gummy stem blight

tools and hands of workers. The ascospores are the main source of dispersal of disease upwards in the crop and the conidia for spread of the disease downwards [...] the leaves Pick flowers within two days after opening in areas suspected of disease (only feasible in high-wire crops) Pick and remove dead and diseased leaves [...] may occur. In cucumber, the most important symptom is internal fruit rot, which can only be recognized from the outside by the small narrowing of the tip

Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

as epiphytic bacteria on various plants or in the soil in low densities. It has also been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying [...] wilt at the time of first harvest or after that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the bacterial growth in the pith, the stem [...] carotovora . It is one of the pectolytic bacteria causing extensive bacterial rots (bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot). Damage symptoms In tomato, Erwinia

Wheat bunt

kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the next season. Infection is strongly correlated to temperature and precipitation in the first 11 days [...] appearance of Wheat bunt Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis survive as teliospores in the soil or on seed. These teliospores germinate in response to [...] types are distinguished. The filiform basidiospores fuse in the middle with a basidiospore of the other mating type so that H-shaped structures are formed

Glume blotch

Perithecia are also formed on dead glumes and stems. In case of severe infection , the heads of wheat become black and the kernels become shrivelled and [...] brown, elongated lesions with a light halo on leaves, stems and glumes. In the centre of the lesions, light-coloured translucent pycnidia (fruiting bodies) [...] lesions, new pycnidia are formed. The conidia that are produced in these pycnidia emerge in a pink slimy substance. The conidia are released at high relative

Manual Growing lights

account the angle of the sun and the presence of a sidewall screen for placement of hives. To make sure bumblebees only fly around in the greenhouse at [...] during the winter months. Keep in mind that growing lights produce a lot of heat, and can therefore influence the local climate in the greenhouse. This can lead [...] spectrum for foraging, but do not see in the red light spectrum. Conversely, humans do see in the red light spectrum but also in the green and blue light spectrum

Bacterial spot

volunteer plants and crop debris Avoid waste piles in the vicinity of the greenhouse or field Resistant cultivars of pepper are available and should be used Prevent [...] tomatoes. Life cycle and appearance of Bacterial spot Xanthomonas vesicatoria survives on volunteer tomato plants in the field and on diseased plant debris [...] vesicatoria in tomato causes small, water-soaked spots on leaves which are first round and become more angular as they grow. The centre of the lesions

Cottony soft rot

is a plant pathogenic fungus. It has a very wide range of host plants. Life cycle and appearance of Cottony soft rot Cottony soft root ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum [...] sclerotiorum ) overwinters as sclerotia and mycelium in dead and living plant material in or on the ground. Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between 4 [...] creating a source of infection for the next crop. The dispersal to neighbouring plants is by mycelial growth. Damage symptoms The first symptoms of a cottony soft

Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

) causes foot rot in peas, whereas Ascochyta pisi does occur sometimes at the stem base but is not part of the foot rot syndrome in peas. Infected seeds [...] blight or pea blight) and lesions of stems, leaves, and pods (pea leaf spot and pea pod spot). Life cycle and appearance of Pea blight, leaf and pod spot Ascochyta [...] Ascochyta pisi hardly survives in the soil or on crop residues because of its poor saprophytic competitiveness and because chlamydospores are rare. Primary

Phytophthora blight

optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different stages: as oospores (sexual overwintering [...] late blight tomato, potato blight and late / early blight of potato. Life cycle and appearance of Phytophthora blight Phytophthora species are very destructive [...] water. Infection is usually from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also occurs. Exudates leaking from growing root tips promote germination