• False spider mites

  are a clear red colour and elliptical in shape. They are laid in a fold in the leaf or along the mid-vein, often in dense clusters of several hundreds. [...] plant. In some crops, plants can become misshapen, presumably because the mites secrete a substance while feeding, that is poisonous to the plant. In places [...] spider mites Most false spider mites ( Tenuipalpidae ) are brick-red to yellow in colour. They have the same body shape as spider mites but are usually smaller

• Common cockchafer

  genus Melolontha, in the family Scarabaeidae. Damage symptoms The common cockchafer ( Melolontha melolontha ) does most of its damage in the larval stage [...] fully develop. The grubs are 10 to 20 mm in the first autumn, 30 to 35 mm by the following autumn, and 40 to 46 mm in the spring of their third year. The pupa [...] common cockchafer ( Melolontha melolontha ) are 2 x 3 mm, but they increase in size by absorbing water. The larvae (grubs) have a whitish curved body, large

• Oleander aphid

  is cosmopolitan, and can be found in tropical to warm temperate regions throughout the world. It probably originated in the Mediterranean region, the origin [...] abdomen). Nymphs are similar to apterae in appearance except that they are smaller. Size ranges from 1.5 to 2.6 mm in length. Females are viviparous and p [...] the milkweed aphid, is a common pest of several important ornamental plants in the families Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae. It is commonly found feeding

• Caterpillars

  caterpillars. Some species mine in leaves or bore holes into fruit or stems, making them difficult to detect and control. In addition to consumption of the [...] greyish. Adult butterflies do not damage crops. Most of them feed on nectar. In contrast, the caterpillars have biting and chewing mouthparts and can devour [...] Many species cause damage to crops. The most harmful caterpillars that occur in greenhouses belong to the Noctuidae (the noctuid or owl moths), which is the

• Mottled arum aphid

  a cosmopolitan distribution and a wide host range. In temperate climates it is primarily a pest in greenhouses where it attacks many ornamentals , including [...] areas of mould covering the leaves can reduce photosynthesis and also result in an unattractive plant with a much lower market value. Neomyzus circumflexus [...] adulthood. With each moult they shed white skin, betraying their presence in the crop. Reproduction of the mottled arum aphid is entirely by parthenogenesis

• Cottony cushion scale

  world. It is also periodically discovered in greenhouses in temperate regions, but is not generally a pest in these situations. Damage symptoms Cottony [...] purchasi , is considered to have originated in Australia. It was accidentally introduced to California in about 1868 and devastated the citrus industry [...] industry there until a natural enemy from Australia was introduced in 1888. This was the first ever example of successful classical biological control. The cottony

• Garden chafer

  The neck shield is metallic green to shiny black. In Central Europe, they emerge from the soil in May or June. Low swarming flights just above the soil [...] laying but in time become nearly spherical through water absorption. Chafer larvae (grubs) have brown heads and whitish bodies, and normally lie in a char [...] horticola ) is a beetle from the Scarabaeidae family. It does most of its damage in the larval stage when it feeds on roots of grasses and clover. The adults

• Broad mite

  General The broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus) occurs in the tropics and in greenhouses in temperate regions. The broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus) [...] leaves. In case of a mild infestation, one can often see brown, frequently collapsed spots, or brown stripes forming a fine network on the leaves. In case [...] of legs in both males and females is different to the others and not used for walking. After moulting to the third larval stage the larvae stay in their

• Pea leaf miner

  cosmetic damage. In tropical and subtropical areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown [...] exit hole in the leaf with its mouth parts. After roughly one hour the larva crawls out of the leaf and falls to the ground. This occurs in the early morning [...] General The pea leaf miner (Liriomyza huidobrensis), occurs in a variety of vegetable and ornamental crops. It originates from South and Middle America

• Biological Pest Control

  infestations in a greenhouse. Augmentative biological control can provide rapid results and is particularly useful when natural enemies are insufficient in the [...] balance of ecosystems and protect crops without resorting to harmful chemicals. In biological pest control, beneficial organisms like parasitoid wasps and predatory [...] predators, parasites, and beneficial microorganisms , to keep pest populations in check. This approach not only reduces the environmental impact but also minimises