• Early blight

  solani causes small green to dark brown spots to occur on leaves. Those spots then turn into dark brown angular lesions with a yellow halo restricted by [...] of leaves, Alternaria solani can spread to the flowers (especially dangerous in crops for seed production) and to the crown. Sporulation of Alternaria occurs [...] conditions. Infection may take place within a few hours, with lesions occurring as rapidly as two to three days later and sporulation within five days. Infection

• Angular leaf spot

  causes small, water-soaked lesions on the underside of the leaf. They enlarge to angular spots, often limited by the small veins. The distinctive feature is [...] bacterial exudate forms on the underside of the leaf. This exudate changes to a white film when it dries. Lesions may merge as they grow and later also [...] types of vascular tissue of the crown can be infected, creating a look similar to that of a Phytophthora fragariae infection. Life cycle and appearance of Angular

• Mealybugs and scales

  leads to sooty mould. Infestations reduce plant vigor, fruit quality and overall yield. Effective control of mealybugs and scales is essential to maintain [...] females are wingless and immobile, and covered with a hard scale (armoured scales and soft scales) or with waxy threads (mealybugs). They suck the sap of [...] honeydew with its sooty mould is usually the first sign of the presence of this type of pest. Among ornamental crops, ferns are particularly sensitive to soft

• Fusarium wilt

  General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species [...] plantations may die and the soil may not be suitable for planting for many years to come. Life cycle and appearance of Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporum has many [...] Some also produce ascospores. The Fusarium oxysporum life cycle, is similar to that of most Fusarium species. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the

• Crane flies

  flies are large flies with females reaching 45-50 mm across. They have long, spindly legs and one pair of narrow, clear wings with clearly visible veins [...] soil surface. Adult common crane flies emerge from the soil in late summer to fall, and females mate and lay 200-300 eggs. Larvae emerge within one week [...] spring. They become active again and feed voraciously when the soil begins to warm up in spring. The larvae pupate below the soil surface in summer. The

• Aphidius ervi

  internal tissues. They use their mouthparts to puncture the aphid and consume its bodily fluids, ultimately leading to the host's demise. In environments where [...] Aphid control with the parasitic wasp Aphidius ervi Aphidius ervi is a parasitic wasp species that plays a significant role in biological control of aphids [...] been widely utilized in various agricultural regions around the world due to its effectiveness. An Aphidius ervi female wasp can parasitize hundreds of

• Moskisan

  on One trap with hanging hook. Preparation Place the Pherodis lure in the yellow bucket Fix the transparent top to the funnel with a twist action lining [...] Various fruits, coffee. Mode of action The Moskisan trap needs to be used in combination with Pherodis lure dispensers. The dispensers release a species-specific [...] escape and are easy to detect, count and identify. Trapping males also aids in reducing the number of eggs laid by famles as they fail to mate. Presentation

• Leek moth

  beginning to brown before adult emergence. Male and female moth are 8-9 mm long, with a wing span of 15-16 mm. Their general colour is grey-brown with a typical [...] Europe. It is also found in some Asian countries and has been introduced to parts of Canada. The larvae of Acrolepiopsis assectella feed on cultivated [...] damage. First instar larvae are ca 1 mm long, but mature larvae are ca 10 mm with a brown head capsule and . a yellowish-white body. Pupation takes place in

• Shore fly

  where they also pupate. The adult shore fly is black, about 4 to 5 mm long, and stout with short antennae and short legs. The head of the adult has a pair [...] green algae. However, they can transmit plant diseases and can be a nuisance to greenhouse works by their sheer numbers. Frass deposited on leaves or flowers [...] have grey-brown patches. Although shore flies can occasionally be confused with sciarid flies ( Bradysia paupera & Lycoriella ingenua) , they are more stoutly

• Goat moth

  partly suffused with grey and marked irregularly with black. Eggs are 1.7 mm long, oval and reddish brown. The caterpillars are up to 10 cm long, pink [...] pink when young, later with yellowish sides and a dark red back with a black head. The pupa is 5-6 cm long, dark brown, with spines on the abdominal segment [...] lay eggs on tree trunks in batches of up to 50. After the eggs hatch, the larvae bore into the bark and down to the sap wood. Development takes 3 or 4 years