Bacterial wilt, brown rot

it is tuber-borne. Spread from plant to plant results from bacteria moving from the roots of infected plants to neighbouring plants. The bacteria can [...] conditions are more favourable. This makes it more difficult to recognize infected fields. How to prevent Bacterial wilt, brown rot Use disease free propagation [...] help the bacteria to infect the crop Do not use cut potatoes for propagation, since cutting tubers can increase disease incidence with up to 250% Quarantine

Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

elongated. The lesions are light brown, sunken and surrounded by a dark brown to red-brown border. The first infection is often on the primary leaves. The [...] at temperatures below 20 °C and the spores require water for dispersal. How to prevent Pea blight, leaf and pod spot Grow peas in arid regions Use clean

Wheat bunt

teliospores. These balls break during harvest allowing the teliospores to fall to the ground. Additionaly, these teliospores contaminate healthy kernels [...] correlated to temperature and precipitation in the first 11 days after sowing, with maximum disease incidence at an average temperature of around 6 to 7 °C during [...] Damage symptoms Plantsinfected by Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis are hard to distinguish from infected plants before head emergence, although affected

Loose smut of wheat

Infection mostly occurs before pollination and within one to two days after pollination. How to prevent Loose smut of wheat Use clean seed: Apply systemic

Dwarf bunt

teliospores. These balls break during harvest allowing the teliospores to fall to the ground. Additionally, these teliospores contaminate healthy kernels [...] germination is 3-8 °C and it takes three to ten weeks for germination. The seedlings are infected after emergence; the two- to three-leaf stage plants are most [...] General Tilletia controversa is a plant pathogen. It is a fungus known to cause the smut disease TCK smut in soft white and hard red winter wheats, as

Glume blotch

water helps the fungus to reach the upper leaves and ears. Seed infection is enhanced by wet weather conditions during heading. How to prevent Glume blotch [...] plants directly or through stomata. The lesions become visible after five to seven days. On the lesions, new pycnidia are formed. The conidia that are

Root and crown rot of strawberry

clavispora. Pestalotiopsis clavispora has been connected to strawberry diseases, but has also been linked to rose diseases. Damage symptoms Pestalotiopsis clavispora [...] stimulates disease development. How to prevent Root and crown rot of strawberry Avoid stress: Take runner tips at the right stage to avoid stress and make plants [...] Avoid overhead irrigation, since it seems to increase disease development Provide balanced nutrition Avoid damage to the plants by pest insects or plant handling

Black root rot of cucurbits

The lesions may grow and encircle the root. The roots become yellow-brown to black and ultimately die. Black lesions with fruiting bodies occur more commonly [...] coloured tissue that looks like black stripes. The disease is usually restricted to a few of the roots but in severe cases all roots may be infected. At the final [...] amber-coloured exudations of spores. In the early stages of wilting it is hard to distinguish from other wilt diseases. The fungus can also cause black fruit

Phytophthora blight

Zoospores are spores with flagellae which enable them to move through water. Infection is usually from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also [...] wetness is required. Dispersal is by wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal in the soil happens via water [...] Phytophthora blight Phytophthora species are very destructive organisms belonging to the Oomycetes and are therefore strictly speaking not fungi. They thrive at

Leaf stripe

soil temperatures above 15 °C. How to prevent Leaf stripe Produce seed in semi-arid environments without irrigation, to decrease the chances of infection [...] extend and become brown and chlorotic and may merge. Eventually this leads to the death of the leaf. The leaf splits at the end which makes it look shredded [...] disease. Infected plants may be stunted and heads may be distorted and failing to emerge from the sheath. Ear length and the number of kernels may be reduced