Bacterial wilt, brown rot

it is tuber-borne. Spread from plant to plant results from bacteria moving from the roots of infected plants to neighbouring plants. The bacteria can [...] conditions are more favourable. This makes it more difficult to recognize infected fields. How to prevent Bacterial wilt, brown rot Use disease free propagation [...] help the bacteria to infect the crop Do not use cut potatoes for propagation, since cutting tubers can increase disease incidence with up to 250% Quarantine

Dwarf bunt

teliospores. These balls break during harvest allowing the teliospores to fall to the ground. Additionally, these teliospores contaminate healthy kernels [...] germination is 3-8 °C and it takes three to ten weeks for germination. The seedlings are infected after emergence; the two- to three-leaf stage plants are most [...] General Tilletia controversa is a plant pathogen. It is a fungus known to cause the smut disease TCK smut in soft white and hard red winter wheats, as

Apple scab

fall off prematurely. The plants’ defence mechanism is to produce corky rings around the lesions to prevent further invasion of tissue by the fungus. Late [...] temperatures this increases to 12-28 hours of leaf wetness for successful infection. Conidia also need water for germination. How to prevent Apple scab Use [...] subsequently released when they become wet. The ascospores are wind-dispersed to the fruit trees and will germinate if free water is available. They infect

Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

lesions first are small and sunken, water-soaked and light to dark brown. They are adjacent to wounds and natural openings at the stem end. Later the fruit [...] is a different subspecies. How to prevent Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot Prevent high humidity Use sanitation to prevent spread within the crop [...] been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying vegetation to the growing crop that way. Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora or Pectobacterium

Verticillium wilt

the gum causes the xylem vessels to get blocked, which in turn causes the plant to wilt. Spores may be wind-dispersed to new hosts. In the senescent tissue [...] leaves are pale-green, then orange-yellow. In the beginning the plant seems to recover at night. The symptoms may occur only in parts of the plant. Cutting [...] The spread of the fungus by mycelium growth is limited. Dispersal from plant to plant takes place via water, soil particles, tools, etc. Verticillium can

Foot rot of cereals

disease primarily affects the roots and lower stem of cereal plants, leading to rotting and ultimately compromising plant health and yield. Microdochium nivale [...] These spores, known as conidia, are spread by wind, water, or human activity to susceptible plant tissues. Upon encountering favorable conditions, such as [...] tissues. Inside the plant, the fungus colonizes the root and lower stem, leading to the characteristic symptoms of foot rot. As the disease progresses, the fungus

Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

Adjust the work order in greenhouses to fit with the hygiene protocol Disinfect the nutrient solution in order to prevent biofilm growth inside the irrigation [...] Additionally, pathogenic Agrobacterium s pecies have recently been assigned to the genus Rhizobium . These pathogenic bacteria were formerly known as Ag [...] rhizogenes and Agrobacterium rubi, n ow the first part of the name is changed to Rhizobium. Rhizobium rhizogenes or Rhizobium radiobacter causes crazy roots

Bacterial canker of tomato

strong efforts are used to prevent the bacterium from entering. When the occasional infection is found, strict measures are taken to eradicate the infection [...] Replanting can only take place after thorough disinfection has been proven to the authorities. Potato growers lose their entire crop of the affected field [...] On stems and shoots light stripes form, which then tear, allowing cankers to form. On tomato leaves, water-soaked lesions occur, usually white with a brown

Damping-off

spores with flagellae, which enable the spores to move through water. The zoospores are chemically drawn to the growing roots of young plants and move towards [...] plant, new sporangia with zoospores are formed, that allow the disease to spread to neighbouring plants. The zoospores disperse via water. Therefore, this [...] with a finger nail. Life cycle and appearance of Damping-off Pythium belongs to the Oomycetes, a separate group of microorganisms and is therefore not a real

Phytophthora blight

Zoospores are spores with flagellae which enable them to move through water. Infection is usually from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also [...] wetness is required. Dispersal is by wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal in the soil happens via water [...] Phytophthora blight Phytophthora species are very destructive organisms belonging to the Oomycetes and are therefore strictly speaking not fungi. They thrive at